Comments on: The View from the Fence - Best and Worst From Both Sides http://www.talkclimatechange.com/2008/03/12/the-view-from-the-fence-best-and-worst-from-both-sides/ The Blog that Talks about Climate Change Sun, 18 May 2008 07:43:13 +0000 http://wordpress.org/?v=2.3.2 By: Edward http://www.talkclimatechange.com/2008/03/12/the-view-from-the-fence-best-and-worst-from-both-sides/#comment-887 Edward Thu, 17 Apr 2008 06:40:22 +0000 http://www.talkclimatechange.com/2008/03/12/the-view-from-the-fence-best-and-worst-from-both-sides/#comment-887 The Earth In Motion The planet Earth is in constant motion. Creating an overall picture is quite complex because the geological poles and magnetic poles use two different maps and earths rotation along with it revolution around the sun are not perfect. The Earth has a warble in its rotation and its orbit is elliptical just for starters. But some general conditions are relatively easy to demonstrate. First the Earth revolves or spins on its axis once a day or once every 24 hours. The circumference of the Earth at the equator is approximately 24,902 miles. In each rotation of the Earth with a 24-hour period, the Earth has to spin its surface at 1,038 miles per hour at the equator. The math is relatively easy. The Earth revolves around the sun at approximately 67,000 miles per hour. Our solar system is on the outer fringe of a very large galaxy and the solar system as a whole is moving at approximately 1/3 the speed of light. Since the Earths core is magnetic in nature, the earth is ascetically a giant rotating magnetic ball moving through space at a relatively high rate of speed. Earth has an atmosphere that is also in motion, but not at the same speed as the earth in rotation. Although it tends to follow the rotation of the Earth, the motion of the atmosphere varies based on a number of conditions. But the rotational rate of the atmosphere and the rotational rate of the Earth are different. The easiest way to demonstrate the difference is watching the weather reports on television broadcasts over a period of a week. The weather on the west coast of the United States appears to move toward the east coast and takes about 4 days to make the trip, sometimes more, sometimes less. The time consumed is about 96 hours with a change of 3,300 miles, or a rate of change of about 34 miles per hour. The difference rate varies based on longitude. The effect at the equator and in the tropics is different from the effects in the Polar Regions. If the atmosphere didn’t tend to follow the rotation of the Earth, there would be a constant wind at the equator of 1,000 miles per hour. The sum of these differences accounts for much of the weather on the planet. Another major contributor is the Earth’s magnetic field. Without it, we wouldn’t have an atmosphere. The magnetic field is the reason the atmosphere doesn’t just fly off into space as we revolve around the sun at 67,000 miles per hour. In fact, the atmosphere tends to follow the shape of the magnetic field; it’s thicker at the equator in altitude and thinner at the poles. Air pressure differences follow the shape of the magnetic field as well. It is, however, at high altitudes, well above the weather where the Earth’s magnetic field most affects the atmosphere. It does that with an interaction of the difference of the moving magnetic field and the moving atmosphere. As the Earth moves under the atmosphere it creates static electricity, ionizing the atmosphere. The ionized particles of the atmosphere are repelled by charged particles in the magnetic field and the electromotive field change produces atmospheric belts or layers around the planet. These belts also follow the magnetic field in shape. The Van Allen radiation belts additionally provide protection from some forms solar energy emittions and some solid objects entering the atmosphere. Although vastly oversimplified, the effect is obvious. Heat The material composition of the atmosphere is based on temperature pressure and available materials. The Earth’s atmosphere is basically composed of oxygen and nitrogen but contains many other gasses and materials. Clouds are formed from moisture drawn into the air and collecting around other particles. Moisture, typically water, is drawn into the air as it expands into a gas during the heat of the day. As water evaporates it adds to the volume of materials in the atmosphere and varies the air pressure. The amount of evaporated water the atmosphere can hold is dependant on both air pressure and air temperature. When the moisture overcomes the ability of the air to hold the moisture, it condenses into clouds and eventually falls back to the earth as rain. Reducing the atmospheric temperature causes the same effect. It’s referred to as a dew point and is the point of condensation due to moisture volume and temperature with existing air pressure. Typically, some form of other material, dust or other airborne contaminants, work as condensation nuclei for the moisture to condense around. As the air temperature or air pressure varies, the amount of water moisture the air can hold also varies and the dew point changes. Water is not the only material that has a dew point, all gasses do. At 350 degrees below zero on the Fahrenheit scale it would rain liquid nitrogen. If, however the average temperature moves above 250 degrees on the Fahrenheit scale, all the water on the earth would be turned into a gas. The Earths atmosphere varies in temperature due to many interactions. The total energy present in the atmosphere is relatively constant, however the type of energy is constantly changing. Gravity holds the atmosphere down while the buoyancy of gasses causes air to rise. Electrostatic energy ionizes the atmosphere and then discharges. Heat is transferred toward and away from the planet surface. Light is reflected and refracted. Waveform energy is transmitted through it, and electrochemical reactions happen in it. The total energy the atmosphere holds or stores is based on the many types of energy available and atmospheric interactions with the total volume of the atmosphere. Heat is only one of those forms of energy but is readily available. The earth itself is very much like ball of molten metal in free fall through space with its stored heat. Heat from inside the Earth is radiated out from the core to the surface, then into the atmosphere and finally into space. The surface of the Earth is a thermal conductor as is the atmosphere. By the same token, both the Earths crust and the atmosphere are also thermal insulators. On a cold windy day, humans put on extra cloths to prevent rapid heat loss from the body. On a hot sunny day, humans get wet to dissipate the building body heat. The Earth is traveling at 67,000 miles per hour in space and space is very cold. The atmosphere can transfer heat from the Earth into space very well given those conditions. The sun provides heat to the Earth at the same time, passing solar energy through the atmosphere to the surface of the earth, adding heat to the Earth. When materials contaminate the atmosphere, it’s much like putting a blanket on to hold the heat in. During the process of thermal transfer, heat is stored in and released from the atmosphere adding to the other forms of energy already there. Static Electricity Another prevalent form of atmospheric energy is ionization. The atmosphere is a mixture of materials. Although mostly nitrogen and oxygen, many other gasses are mixed in. Argon, Freon, and carbon dioxide are also present along with water, dust, pollens and pollutants. Some are better at storing heat while others are better at storing static electric charges. Walking over a floor while wearing wool socks and then reaching for a metal doorknob gives a clear demonstration of the effect of static electricity. The electric arc from the static discharge is sometimes both visible and painful. The earth in motion under the atmosphere generates static electricity. The field generated ionizes the particles of material in the atmosphere. When the field has built up to a sufficient level, the static discharges. The discharges may be from one cloud or air mass to another or from the atmosphere to the ground or from the lower atmosphere to the upper atmosphere. It’s visibly seen as lightning from the Earths surface or as sprites from space. The visible effects are, however, only from the discharge. The charge itself has significant effects on the atmosphere. The Earth has many irregular shapes on the surface. The most obvious are mountain and lowlands. But even ocean waves create an irregular surface. On top of the irregulars surfaces are plants: everything from grass and flowers to large trees. All of the surfaces move through the atmosphere, pushing the air around and creating static electricity to ionize the atmosphere. At lower altitudes the pushing effect accounts for surface winds but the ionizing effect reaches much higher. The ionized particles are electrically attracted to ground, causing the ionized atmosphere to follow the rotation of the earth better. As the ionized field increases in charge, the volume of air increases proportionally. When the ionized air mass moves collectively, the air mass becomes another irregular surface pushing through uncharged air. The ionization continues to build and the effect reaches altitudes far above the mountains and a much larger volume of the atmosphere tends to follow the rotation of the earth. The atmosphere is electro-statically adhered to the Earth in its rotation. When the static field discharges, the atmospheric bond is broken and the atmosphere begins to lag behind again until the field recharges. Combined Energies The electrostatic fields and thermal transfers in the atmosphere work together to compensate for one another. The effects can easily be seen in relation to known technologies with predictable results. Capacitors are used in many electronic circuits. They charge and discharge to store and release electrical energy much like the atmosphere does. They operate based on a varying input into the device. Air is often used as the dielectric to store the electrical charge. As with all electronic devices, thermal transfers are part of the process. If the input signal to the capacitor stops changing, the device stops releasing thermal energy. The capacitor heats up and eventually fails. The capacitor is constructed so that two plates are put in close proximity to each other and are separated by some form of dielectric material. One of the plates is typically connected to the circuit ground while the other is connected to a varying electric charge. The atmosphere around the Earth acts much the same way. Where the atmosphere meets the earth, the Earth becomes the grounded plate. The upper atmosphere becomes the varying charge plate. The static field generated by the Earths rotation becomes the stored and discharged energy. As you vary the frequency of charge and discharge, you vary the rate of thermal transfer. The effect creates a balance where the total amount of energy stored in the atmosphere remains constant. As another example, the venturi, more effectively demonstrates the aspect of thermal transfer rates. The easiest way to create a venturi is to connect the small ends of two identical funnels so that it forms a continuous airflow path. As air flows through the device, several changes have to occur. The energy in and energy out are always equal unless you add something else to it. As air flows through the venturi into the intake funnel, the square area reduces however; pressure will remain constant through the entire process. The air moves faster as the area reduces in size and slows down on the output side as the area increases. To compensate for the increased air speed the air temperature reduces as the airspeed increases. The total energy therefore remains constant throughout the device. The venturi principal is handy if you’re trying to build a jet engine as it’s the basis of internal operation and thermal exchange rates have to be manipulated. The thermal exchange rate of the atmosphere can also be manipulated. Changes in the Electro-Static Charge and Discharge Rates The increasing human population has created a problem over time and the atmosphere is simply compensating for it. When there were only a few hundred humans building houses to live in, the problems we created were limited. A few hundred people would only need a few hundred acres of cleared land and a few thousand trees to build houses and furnishings. Now that we number over 6 billion, our effect on the planet has increased. Even without increasing basic needs we would still consume over 6 billion acres of land and 60 billion trees just to have a house to live in and basic furnishings in it. But we didn’t stop there; we need creature comforts. Indoor plumbing and electricity, cars, trucks, planes, trains, roads, hospitals, shopping malls, parks and playgrounds, airports, schools and graveyards. We have cities of millions covering millions of acres with concrete and pavement and roads from one city to another. We’ve cleared trillions of acres and cut down trillions of trees. We’ve bulldozed down hills, filled in holes and smoothed out the surface of the planet. We added buildings and a variety of structures but all of them are grounded to prevent electro-static hazards. Then we added lightning suppressors and arresters to many of the structures. In the process we’ve altered the atmosphere’s rate of electro-static charge and discharge. Reducing that change rate, affected the total volume of energy in the atmosphere and as a result the atmosphere stopped releasing as much heat in its thermal exchanges into space. The atmosphere started to warm. The Earth itself does the same thing at times. The surface of the Earth is constructed from tectonic plates that converge and diverge. Mountains are built when they push together, volcanoes and valleys form when they move apart. Every time there is a major reshaping of the planet, the electro-static charge and discharge rate of the atmosphere is affected. Predictable Effects Varying the electro-static charge and discharge rate of the atmosphere has many predictable side effects from natural phenomena. The number and severity of lightning storms would vary with the rate. The time windstorms have to build would increase and decrease. As the rate of charge decreases, air masses are not held in place as well in reference to the Earth’s rotation so ground winds would increase having more available force and time to work with. Hurricanes would become more severe. Increasing the charge rate would decrease the windstorm severity. A decreasing electro-static charge rate would also affect surface temperatures. As the atmosphere releases less thermal energy into space, it absorbs less thermal energy from the surface of the Earth. The ground and water temperatures would increase, global warming. The increasing temperature would cause the chemical mixture of the atmosphere to change. The increasing atmospheric temperature allows the air to hold more water vapor, dust, pollutants and other gasses. Carbon dioxide is a natural product of biological life and would be a major contributor to the change. Working together, the various chemical mixtures act as a better layer of insulation, holding more of the heat in the atmosphere. Increasing the electro-static charge rate would have the opposite effect. As the atmosphere becomes a better thermal conductor, the surface of the Earth would cool down more and the atmosphere would loose its abilities to hold gasses and contaminants. The contaminants and gasses then fall much like rain. Increasing the electro-static charge rate to saturate the atmosphere and the atmosphere couldn’t hold on to enough heat to sustain water as a liquid. The water on the surface would freeze. Effective Change The Earth with its atmosphere and surrounding magnetic field is similar in effect to a tuned port resonant cavity used in some RADAR systems. As a whole the interactions of energy are tuned to rate of charge and discharge for electro-static energy within a range of usable frequencies. There would be a quiescent condition or peak-operating rate in similar fashion to any tuner. A model of the electro-static rate changes can be created with existing recorded data and updated over time. Dual Doppler radar systems and satellite monitoring systems are already used to monitor weather patterns of the earth. Ionizers and de-ionizers are commonplace devices. A global system can be constructed with Ionizers and de-ionizers to vary the rate of charge and discharge of electro-static energy in the atmosphere and existing systems can monitor the effective change to meet the parameters of the model, effectively creating a global environmental thermostat. Understanding The Global Electro-Thermal Circuit Earth is defined into many layers and they inter-relate to one another. Different layers are viewed with different relationships for many different sciences. The Outer Crust is silicate based but many combinations of silicate chemical formations are found. From the crust toward the center of the Earth, the materials differ in composition and characteristics. The deeper into the earth from the crust, the denser and heavier the expected materials would be. Also due to pressure, the heat follows depth as well. At the boundary where the crust interacts with the upper mantle, silver and germanium would be expected as abundant material. Deeper in still, iron, gold, platinum and uranium would be more plentiful. All of these materials spill out of the earth during volcanic eruptions and migrate back towards the center during earthquakes. The Earth in the process exchanges materials on the surface. The effect mixes the materials together in many chemical combinations. Even in the surface crust, pressure and heat cause effective chemical changes. Biological material becomes oil, coal and even diamonds. Traveling deeper into the earth, other effects from pressure and heat take place in the increasingly heavier materials. One predictable circumstance is the molecular alignment of the core to produce a magnetic field. Another product is fission, releasing substantial heat but negatively ionizing the earth. The surface boundary layer of the earth becomes a critical factor in maintaining a balance of energy. Positively charged electrical particles, free protons in space from solar winds, are attracted to the surface. As the internal fission consumes mass in its process, the ionized Earth draws mass from the solar winds. The surface of the Earth being a silicate mix with elements such as germanium and silver being under it create a natural electric circuit. From Diodes to virtually any semiconductor device, we cause the same effects for electronics equipment by design. The silicate outer shell or crust of the Earth is heavily mixed with other materials. Although most of the materials on the outer shell have silicon in them, other materials are a large part of the mixture. Ascetically, the surface of the earth, with relation to the outer mantle creates the same effect as a transistor. Since energy will always remain balanced, the conductance of electricity in one direction causes thermal energy to conduct in the other. The free protons attracted to the earth surface, conduct into the earth, and release thermal energy away from the earth. The conductance does not happen all by itself in the overall circuit because of the materials constructing the surface. Some form of electrical biasing is needed to turn the transistor on for the process to work. The atmosphere performs that responsibility by producing static electric fields in the biosphere. Air masses moving around, the forces of wind though trees and around ground formations create static fields along the surface of the earth. Its this electro-static charging along the surface of the earth that gives bias to the Earths crust as a transistor and allows the electrical conductance of free protons into the earth to fuel thermal reactions at the core. The ability of the Earth to release thermal energy is dependant of the Earths crust to induce free protons into the earth. The electro-static field charge needed is dependant on the mixture of materials in the Earths crust for the affected area. Another consideration is the moisture level in the static induction area. How well the ground dissipates the static electric change is also a fundamental consideration. Trees are one of the best natural resources for the task. As moving air meets a tree, some of the air moves around it and some of the air passes through it. As the air separates it creates a static field. Some of the static field collapses into the tree and is passed through the trees roots deep into the ground, biasing the silicon to germanium circuit to transfer positive charges from free protons in the negatively ionized Earth. As a result, thermal energy is passed out of the Earth into the atmosphere. Thunderstorms produce the same effect and expedite moving the thermal energy away from the surface as well. As electrical energy is released from the atmosphere into the ground, thermal energy is transfer from the ground through the atmosphere to above the level of the electrical charge. Both methods of energy transfers happen, creating circuit conductance. In total they allow the thermal energy of the Earths internal fission to move away from the earth. When these methods of thermal conductance fail, the Earth compensates. The tectonic plates move, venting off excess thermal energy into the atmosphere. Earthquakes and volcanoes are byproducts of that release. The biosphere is also the interface to the upper atmosphere. How high the atmosphere extends is debatable depending on the science involved. The biosphere is no different. Some sciences consider it as beginning from well below the surface on land and deep in the water. There are cellular life forms deep within the ground and life deep in the ocean. At the same time birds fly above the ground for thousand of feet. The ground itself varies in altitude from below sea level to thousands of feet above sea level. For the global electro-thermal circuit, the biosphere would be from several hundred feet underground to the highest level where electrostatic energy is generated from air movements along the ground, at the tops of the mountains or about 8.85 kilometers. The effects of the biosphere reach much higher from air moving in mass. The biosphere has significant impact on the overall composition of the atmosphere. The effects of biological life are only one aspect. From the beginning of life through decomposition, every organism affects the composition of gasses in the atmosphere. Irregular surfaces from mountains to waves to plants push the atmosphere along as the earth rotates, creating static electricity in the process. Some of the electro-static energy is dissipated into the ground, through plant life or directly, but some is stored in the atmosphere. As the electro-static energy increases, the air begins to move in masses. Once charged, the air masses are more attracted to the Earth and follow it’s rotation better. The air masses then push into other air and create even more static electricity. As one air mass pushes into another, electrostatic energy increases. The planets rotation also adds another dynamic effect. During the daylight hours, the air exposed to solar energy heats up. During the night hours the air looses thermal energy. As the air temperature increases during the daylight hours it expands and pushes towards the poles. Since the atmosphere is unevenly proportioned, the venturi effect works on a global scale. As energy from the sun is absorbed, the atmosphere warms and expands. The thermal absorption and consequential air expansion is greater at the equator than it is at the poles. The expanding air at the equator pushes along the surfaces of the Earth and upper atmospheric boundary. As the air is pushed toward the poles, the cross-section of the airflow area reduces with the altitude of the atmosphere. Since the pressure will remain relatively equal, the air must move faster to equalize the pressure. As the airspeed increases, the air temperature decreases. The cool, fast moving air absorbs heat radiated out from the planet at the Polar Regions. Any heat the air absorbs causes it to move even faster. Also at the Polar Regions, much of the suns energy is reflected away and diffused or shadowed due to rotational warbling. As the air moves away from the poles, it creates many air currents in the atmosphere moving the global air mass in opposition to its natural tendency to follow the Earths rotation. To examine the process more clearly, the difference between direct light and reflected light distinguishes absorption and reflection of solar energy in the biosphere. A large proportion of the suns emitted energy is in the white light spectrum. That energy is converted to heat at the surface of the Earth. The difference of the two forms of light is relative because all mater emits energy. The primary colors for projected or direct light are red, green and blue where the primary colors for reflected light are red, yellow and blue. As light strikes a surface and is reflected to the human eye we perceive it as a combination of red, yellow and blue. The light from a television or computer monitor is projected and the eye perceives it as a mixture of red, green and blue. It’s the reflected light where absorption is realized. White light has a spectrum or range of frequencies. The frequencies range from about 400 terahertz to about 790 terahertz. The impedance of the atmosphere is very low, typically less than 30 ohms above 1 gigahertz. In other words, air as a medium does not inhibit the light from the sun from reaching the surface of the earth very well. Clouds do inhibit light penetrating to the surface due to moisture and condensation nuclei. With low impedance, not much of the energy from white light is absorbed into the atmosphere. As the light approaches more dense surfaces it interacts with energy emittions from that surface. If light at a frequency of 600 terahertz approaches an object that is also emitting energy at 600 terahertz and both energies are equal, they electrically cancel each other out. The byproduct is heat, absorbed by the impacted surface. Once the surface absorbs the heat to its maximum potential, it both transfers and radiates the heat. The energy levels are rarely equal and rarely totally coincident so it’s more probable that some of the 600-terahertz signal would be reflected back with the frequency changed. Throughout the entire range of frequencies, the same process is happening. The surface is better at absorbing energies of the same frequencies it is emitting than it is at reflecting them back. The reflected light is therefore the sum of the colors of light that the surface is not, along with the frequency variations produced. Some of the byproduct, thermal energy, is emitted into the surrounding atmosphere and some is absorbed further into the material. The surface of the Earth starts radiating the heat produced by sunlight on the surface into the atmosphere. The sun also emits thermal energy, some of which is absorbed by the atmosphere. The atmosphere absorbs thermal energy from the outside first and transfers the heat toward the surface until the rotation of the earth provides shade again. Both the upper and lower levels of the atmosphere start adding thermal energy around sunrise. The thermal energy excites the molecular structure of the atmosphere making the individual molecules more energetic and causing them to expand further apart. The overall processes energize the atmosphere in motion creating a cycle of air movement from the equator to the poles, which in turn causes the polar airflow movements. The interactions of the various airflows add to the electro-static fields at higher altitudes. The biosphere produces and reforms gasses, then aids in mixing the gasses with those at higher altitudes. The effect also produces static at higher altitudes. Going higher up in altitude still, even higher levels of electro-static charges exist naturally. Solar winds from the sun contain high levels of free protons. The space around the Earth is full of positive electrical charges while the Earth’s process of fission maintains a negative electrical charge by comparison. Although the upper atmosphere is highly charged with electro-static energy, it is still a negative charge in relation to the protons collected by the Van Allen belts. The positive electrical charges are drawn down into the upper atmosphere by these electrical relationships. The electro-static charge of the biosphere would then, draw the positive charge further down toward the earth as it is negatively charged by comparison to the upper atmosphere while maintaining a positive charge in reference to the Earth. The biosphere is the level control for the global electro-thermal circuit. The circuit is varied by the electro-static energies produced and dissipated at the biosphere level and its interaction with the Earths crust. The semi-conductive surface is coupled by capacitance to the positive electrical charges in space through the various levels of the atmosphere. To understand how electro-static charges in the biosphere affect the charge transitions from the upper atmosphere, consider the summing of charges in any circumstances. A square wave signal transitioning from 0 volts to 10 volts with duration of 250 milliseconds and a frequency of 20 hertz has an average voltage of 5 volts. A second signal transitioning from 0 volts to 20 volts, twice the voltage, with the same duration of 250 milliseconds but with a frequency of 5 hertz has a average voltage of 2.5 volts. The electro-static charge and discharge of the atmosphere more closely resembles a saw tooth waveform but the effect on average power is much the same. With lightning discharges, however, the power levels are considerably higher. The charge has to build up enough to discharge over the difference in altitude from the positive to negative sides. Air as a conductive medium varies based on temperature, pressure, contaminants and humidity level but generally varies between 60 to 500 volts per meter of difference in altitude or angular travel. Due to overall conditions, closer to 80 volts per meter in the summer and closer to 450 volts per meter during the winter months are normal. The effect of the energy in the electro-thermal circuit changes with charge levels and repition rates. A high repition rate of low altitude discharge is better at conducting electrical energy into the earth than a lower repition rate of high altitude discharges because of the effective circuit of the crust. The Earths crust is a composition of many materials, silicone is abundant but other materials are mixed in. Metals in deposits or mixtures tend to hold or store a magnetic charge when induced with electricity. Crystals are abundant as well, passing some frequencies better than others. Although the crust is conductive in nature, it has resistance based on material composition and moisture content. Overall the crust is capable of holding some of the electrical charge for a short period of time based on the actual composition at any given location. Rapid reoccurrences would tend to maintain a higher bias level in the electric circuit allowing electro-static energy to pass through the crust to the mantle. Rapidly repeating electrical discharges from the biosphere then draw the electro-static energy to the crust to complete the charge transfer without significant damage to the crust or the atmosphere. As the electrical voltage is conducted in, current is conducted out carrying thermal energy with it. If the biosphere electro-static discharges are interrupted, a higher altitude discharge occurs. As the altitude increases, so does the electrical charge. A discharge over 200 meters during the summer months would have around 16,000 volts charge or 16 kilovolts. A discharge over 2,000 meters would have around 160,000 volts charge or 160 kilovolts. Electro-static charges can reach 6,000,000 volts or more. With a low altitude discharge the current caries the thermal energy to the positive end of the discharge, porting thermal energy away from the earth with some atmospheric loses. High altitude discharges happen at a lower rate of discharge because they require more time to charge. When the discharge occurs, an ionization path follows the lightning leader to the ground. This path forms a thermal conduit as part of current conductance. The thermal transfer rate is so large that it burns the atmospheric conduit away, creating a vacuum in its place. The air comes back together to fill the vacuum, creating a shock wave, thunder, and re-establishes the ionized conduit. The process may be repeated several times creating a strobe effect in the visible lightning bolt. The discharge repetition causes the overall effect of the discharge to act in similar respect to the lower altitude discharges. During the initial discharge, however, much of the energy is transmitted as surface conductance, rather than circuit conductance. Much of the energy is expended before the circuit conductance takes place. The discharge creates electro-chemical changes in the surface materials and produces thermal energy in the process. Less thermal energy is conducted out of the surface. The electrical conductance becomes more efficient as the strobe cycle repeats. The electro-static fields in close proximity to the earth are mostly consumed in the process of the discharge, leaving little available charge to conduct into the Earths crust while the bias charge holds. High altitude discharges are, therefore, more destructive and less efficient for thermal release from the Earth. The higher altitude discharges consume positive charges and allow for charges further out in the atmosphere to draw closer to the earth. Thermal energy is released from the outer atmosphere during the discharge but not during the recharge period. Low altitude electro-static discharges providing better circuit completion and conductance allow thermal energy release from the Earth and the atmosphere more consistently, increasing the rate of release. Direct biasing of the Earths crust is much preferable over electro-static discharges at any level or altitude but much of the direct Biasing was removed, even more is being removed daily. The most effective ground biasing tools in the biosphere are trees. Above the surface, trees both generate and absorb electro-static energy. Below the surface, tree roots reach toward water sources and dissipate electro-static energy deep into the Earth. Some estimates suggest that the world tree population is about 3.5 trillion trees. Estimating trees removed for harvesting or land clearing at about 1 trillion, means that about 20 percent of the ground biasing through trees is lost. Electro-static energy discharge has replaced that resource to some degree. Electro-static discharges at low altitudes and some discharges at higher altitudes have compensated for the loss but with reduced efficiency. The result is an interruption of the global electro-thermal circuit, and the result of that is global and atmospheric warming. Replanting trees and reducing CO2 emittions is essential to long term rebalancing of the environment but by themselves are not enough. Rebuilding the ground biasing to start reversing the effect is essential for the near future as well. Electro-static Ionization Towers The device is relatively simple and requires no power to operate. Each tower could account for the ground bias lost from many trees at once, depending on design parameters. It effectively imitates what the trees do for the global electro-thermal circuit. The construction is simple and straightforward. Start by drilling a well into the aquifer deep enough to use a small pump to produce water flow. The water flow is only needed to moisten the ground downward into the aquifer. Then drill four pedestal points deep into the ground at angles to support a tower. Construct a tower around the four pipes and attach a hollow center post. Connect a drive shaft for the pump through the hollow center post. Stack pinwheel styled air dams onto the outside of the center post one on top of the other. The air dam arms should be covered with a material such as wool or synthetic material with good static producing properties. Each progressive layer should be opposed, causing airflow to spin them in opposite directions. The upper air dam can be attached to the pump drive shaft to operate it. Overall the device completes the dual-purpose function of the tree for electro-static charging. Some of the static charge moves with the air while some of the charge is transferred deep into the ground. The structure only has to be strong enough to withstand wind forces applied and the can be expected to need routine replacement of the cloth material. Geothermal Power Production The Earths internal heat can produce steam as well. How far down into the earth to go and what method to use are the questions to answer. Circulating air and capitalizing on the venturi effect seems the most effective method. Rather than pumping water or other liquids requiring extensive support and expense, airflow through a venturi can be used with standard metal pipes and manifolds. The configuration of the pipes operates the same as the intake of a venturi. As the number of pipes is reduced the cross sectional area is reduced. The air pressure tends to remain equal by increasing the airspeed. As the airspeed increases the air temperature drops. Throughout the length of the pipes, the cooled air collects thermal energy as it passes through the pipes. At the next stage of reduction, the process repeats itself. As the air is passing from the intake to the venturi throat it absorbs thermal energy by degrees until the air is input into the pressure vessel. In the pressure vessel the air expands back out and slows down, dropping it’s accumulated heat into the water in the vessel. The resulting steam operates a turbine. The cross sectional area ratio depends on the number of pipes used and can be varied as needed for design purposes based on temperature at the depth used and the volume of steam needed. Using a larger ratio, allows for geothermal power production closer to the surface. Adding a group of ionization towers above geothermal piping would in effect, draw the heat up to the pipes, increasing the overall efficiency. Placement of the ionization towers in reference to pipe positions requires further consideration of the atmospheric electro-static discharges and ground biasing relationships. Both the Earth and the sun have processes of pressure and temperature combinations with electrical and magnetic fields being present. Both the sun and the Earth rotate and both have known mass. The Earth rotates once a day and the sun rotate once every 25.38 days at the equator. Because the sun is a gasius plazma its rotation varies based on longitude. The Earth’s mass is about 5.98 x 10E24 kilograms and growing. The suns mass is about 332,950 times the mass of the earth and is contracting through loses of mass at about 6.7 billion tons per hour as free protons and electrons are emitted from the suns atmosphere. The Earth’s revolution around the sun is slightly off the solar equator, varying through the Earths year to above and below the solar equator. Both the sun and the Earth are large rotating magnets, and the fields to some degree interact. The magnetic poles of the earth interact with the magnatic flux of the sun. Each successive collection or line of magnetic flux moves further away from the magnetic center. The field strength of each succesive field becomes weaker as the distance from the magnetic source increases. As the size of the sphere of the magetic field increaces, the total field energy covers a larger field area and each succesive flux collection outward has a different magnatic potiential. In the northern magnetic hemispher of the sun, the flux collections become more south in reference to the next inner flux collection. The same would be true in the southern magnetic hemisphere. As the Earth revolves around the sun it crosses the suns magnetic equator twice anually. The magnetic alignment of the Earth and sun change in reference to the flux lines in the process, causing the the Earth to shift its angle with the magnetic relationship to the suns magnetic flux. Polar alignment of the Earth and sun prevents the Earths orbit from decaying while the flux alignments vary the angle of the earth in relation to the sun as the earth changes position in the polar fields of the sun. The earths orbit is slightly eliptical as a conseqeunce of the path it follows. the Earth moves away from and closer to the sun twice in each revolution as well. The rotation of the Earth is therefore dependant on the rotational field of the sun as well as the field interactions. The rotation of the Earth, with these changing magnetic relationships has a warbling effect. The orbital warbling creates an effect in the electrical transactions between the sun and the Earth. The electrical field transfers are 90 degrees opposed to the magnetic alignment. That is to say, the electrical transactions tend to react to the equators of the Earth and the sun rather than the poles. Therefore the electrical effiency varies throught each revolution as well, based on angular variation. This electromagnetic interface is also acted on by the Earths rotating magnetic field. Electromagnetic interactions occuring outside the atmosphere attract charged particles into the space covering the angles revelant to the angular shift of the earths electrical versus magnetic field variations. These areas, the Van Allen belts, tend to follow the magnetic flux collections of the Earth, grouping into inner and outer belts. They are additionally acted on by the gravities of other celestial bodies as is the Earth itself. The sum emits heat, light and charges particles outward. The particle emittions follow electrical flow and are concentrated at the solar equator, emitting outward toward the planets. As the earth passes back and forth over the solar equator in its revolution, the Van Allen belts collect some of the free particles. Both the Earth and the sun share another group of properties as celestial bodys. At the centers they have both fission and fusion. Both effects ionize the celestial bodies electrically. The sun emits more free protons and is positive in relation to the more negativly charged earth. In the Van Allen belts, the free particles tend to collect in polarized groups. The outer belt containing negative ionization and the inner belt containing free protons. Although the chemical mixtures are varried, the ionizations electrical polarity places a large volume of free protons and a large positive electrical charge around the Earth. That charge is attracted to the Earths negatively ionized core. In effect, the Earth is gaining mass while the sun is loosing mass. Since the processes of fission and fusion comsume mass in exchange for thermal energy and ionization, the end product is benificial to sustaining the Earths internal fueling. The atmosphere and the Earths crust become conductors for the electrical charge transfers to the Earth core. In the exchange thermal energy is transfer from the Earth outward toward the thermosphere. As the atmosphere gets denser closer to the surface of the Earth, the electro-thermal exchange becomes more of a coperative operation with the Earths crust. Stages of electro-static discharge move the electrical potiental difference closer to the Earth surface through various levels of changes. With such a charge volume availabe, understanding the electrical processes allows for safter practices. Considering that for a lightning strike over a mile, power transfers are measured in terawatts, some transfering more energy than is released with nuclear detonations, safty is a critical factor. Lightning propogates through the atmosphere in stages. The electro-static energy stored in various layers of the atmosphere is very much like storing electrical energy in a series of capicators. The more storage layers available, the greater the potiental energy. The higher in altitude the charge starts, the higher the potiental energy. There are three basic methods of propagating voltages, charge building, charge gating and charge draining, each applying to atmospheric electro-static discharge in a different way. Charge building is the brute force version of lightning. If the atmospheric conditions require 400 volts per meter and the distance is 1000 meters, once the charge builds to 400,000 volts, the arc of lightning occurs. Gating is using an intermediate trigger, another moving air mass or cloud with an intermediate charge. Introduction of the intermediate charge uses the sum of the three charges in wattage rather than relying soley on voltage for conductance. Under most circumstance a combination of force building and gating occurs at many steps along the discharge path and most lightning pushes toward the ground in steps with a visable leader. Temperature inversions and large static forces cause the lightning to follow a wide variety of different paths to discharge. Building and draining controled levels of electro-static energy causes a larger discharge area and prevents local arcing by inducing conductance. Stage gating can also be used to create high conduction areas to increase the effect. Start by excavating an area far enough down to set up pipes for geothermal energy. Then drill pipes into the aquifer. Physically connect the aquifer pipes to the venturi airflow pipe field, to make an electrical connection. Continue extending the aquifer pipes up to the unexcavated ground level and refill the excavation using silicate sand as an aggragate mixture with the removed soil. Connect the aquifer pipes to each other electrically then countine them up again. Add more soil with the silicate aggragate mixture to create a berm aove the venturi airflow pipe field. Continue raising the aquifer pipes to roughly 1/2 the height of natural trees in the area. Connect the aquifer pipes to form a grid structure and mount ionization towers on top of the grid. Plant trees in a parimeter around the grid including the rising edges of the berm. Direct waterflow from the aquifer pipes away from the berm center into the tree parimeter around the berm. Locally generated static fields act as bias grids in the atmosphere. The piping gridwork and tree roots bias the surface. The effect is distributed over a large surface area providing a large field of conductance. The combined effects move arcing away from the facility. The effects also raise the static floor to well above the facility in favor of local conductance. The high conductance level draws thermal energy toward the surface for conversion to electrical energy with relative safty and with little negative enviromental impact. Ionization towers can create a positive effect as a controlling measure during reforestation. Combined with geothermal energy sources, ground-biasing measures can reduce the effects of global warming quickly and reduce the continuing volume of CO2 levels introduced to the atmosphere long term. Monitoring the effects over time would allow some control over the atmosphere by changing the effects of the ionization towers. Removing the cloth covers from the ionization towers would change them to de-ionization towers, providing a finer level of control. A major consideration of inducing these effects is that the cooling will reduce the overall mass of the atmosphere. As the atmospheric temperature increased it was able to hold more material, increasing in total mass. The water evaporation rate didn’t increase proportionally. Other materials, CO2 freon and pollutants, mold spores and pollens along with dust and accumulated particles were drawn into the atmosphere to add mass, something to hold the greater accumulation of thermal energy. Releasing some the thermal energy will release some of the mass, returning it to the ground level as positively ionized charged particles. Too rapid of a change may exceed the biospheres ability to cope with falling materials based on the chemical compositions. The Earth In Motion

The planet Earth is in constant motion. Creating an overall picture is quite complex because the geological poles and magnetic poles use two different maps and earths rotation along with it revolution around the sun are not perfect. The Earth has a warble in its rotation and its orbit is elliptical just for starters. But some general conditions are relatively easy to demonstrate. First the Earth revolves or spins on its axis once a day or once every 24 hours. The circumference of the Earth at the equator is approximately 24,902 miles. In each rotation of the Earth with a 24-hour period, the Earth has to spin its surface at 1,038 miles per hour at the equator. The math is relatively easy. The Earth revolves around the sun at approximately 67,000 miles per hour. Our solar system is on the outer fringe of a very large galaxy and the solar system as a whole is moving at approximately 1/3 the speed of light. Since the Earths core is magnetic in nature, the earth is ascetically a giant rotating magnetic ball moving through space at a relatively high rate of speed.

Earth has an atmosphere that is also in motion, but not at the same speed as the earth in rotation. Although it tends to follow the rotation of the Earth, the motion of the atmosphere varies based on a number of conditions. But the rotational rate of the atmosphere and the rotational rate of the Earth are different. The easiest way to demonstrate the difference is watching the weather reports on television broadcasts over a period of a week. The weather on the west coast of the United States appears to move toward the east coast and takes about 4 days to make the trip, sometimes more, sometimes less. The time consumed is about 96 hours with a change of 3,300 miles, or a rate of change of about 34 miles per hour. The difference rate varies based on longitude. The effect at the equator and in the tropics is different from the effects in the Polar Regions. If the atmosphere didn’t tend to follow the rotation of the Earth, there would be a constant wind at the equator of 1,000 miles per hour. The sum of these differences accounts for much of the weather on the planet.

Another major contributor is the Earth’s magnetic field. Without it, we wouldn’t have an atmosphere. The magnetic field is the reason the atmosphere doesn’t just fly off into space as we revolve around the sun at 67,000 miles per hour. In fact, the atmosphere tends to follow the shape of the magnetic field; it’s thicker at the equator in altitude and thinner at the poles. Air pressure differences follow the shape of the magnetic field as well. It is, however, at high altitudes, well above the weather where the Earth’s magnetic field most affects the atmosphere. It does that with an interaction of the difference of the moving magnetic field and the moving atmosphere. As the Earth moves under the atmosphere it creates static electricity, ionizing the atmosphere. The ionized particles of the atmosphere are repelled by charged particles in the magnetic field and the electromotive field change produces atmospheric belts or layers around the planet. These belts also follow the magnetic field in shape. The Van Allen radiation belts additionally provide protection from some forms solar energy emittions and some solid objects entering the atmosphere. Although vastly oversimplified, the effect is obvious.

Heat

The material composition of the atmosphere is based on temperature pressure and available materials. The Earth’s atmosphere is basically composed of oxygen and nitrogen but contains many other gasses and materials. Clouds are formed from moisture drawn into the air and collecting around other particles. Moisture, typically water, is drawn into the air as it expands into a gas during the heat of the day. As water evaporates it adds to the volume of materials in the atmosphere and varies the air pressure. The amount of evaporated water the atmosphere can hold is dependant on both air pressure and air temperature. When the moisture overcomes the ability of the air to hold the moisture, it condenses into clouds and eventually falls back to the earth as rain. Reducing the atmospheric temperature causes the same effect. It’s referred to as a dew point and is the point of condensation due to moisture volume and temperature with existing air pressure. Typically, some form of other material, dust or other airborne contaminants, work as condensation nuclei for the moisture to condense around. As the air temperature or air pressure varies, the amount of water moisture the air can hold also varies and the dew point changes. Water is not the only material that has a dew point, all gasses do. At 350 degrees below zero on the Fahrenheit scale it would rain liquid nitrogen. If, however the average temperature moves above 250 degrees on the Fahrenheit scale, all the water on the earth would be turned into a gas.

The Earths atmosphere varies in temperature due to many interactions. The total energy present in the atmosphere is relatively constant, however the type of energy is constantly changing. Gravity holds the atmosphere down while the buoyancy of gasses causes air to rise. Electrostatic energy ionizes the atmosphere and then discharges. Heat is transferred toward and away from the planet surface. Light is reflected and refracted. Waveform energy is transmitted through it, and electrochemical reactions happen in it. The total energy the atmosphere holds or stores is based on the many types of energy available and atmospheric interactions with the total volume of the atmosphere. Heat is only one of those forms of energy but is readily available. The earth itself is very much like ball of molten metal in free fall through space with its stored heat. Heat from inside the Earth is radiated out from the core to the surface, then into the atmosphere and finally into space. The surface of the Earth is a thermal conductor as is the atmosphere. By the same token, both the Earths crust and the atmosphere are also thermal insulators. On a cold windy day, humans put on extra cloths to prevent rapid heat loss from the body. On a hot sunny day, humans get wet to dissipate the building body heat. The Earth is traveling at 67,000 miles per hour in space and space is very cold. The atmosphere can transfer heat from the Earth into space very well given those conditions. The sun provides heat to the Earth at the same time, passing solar energy through the atmosphere to the surface of the earth, adding heat to the Earth. When materials contaminate the atmosphere, it’s much like putting a blanket on to hold the heat in. During the process of thermal transfer, heat is stored in and released from the atmosphere adding to the other forms of energy already there.

Static Electricity

Another prevalent form of atmospheric energy is ionization. The atmosphere is a mixture of materials. Although mostly nitrogen and oxygen, many other gasses are mixed in. Argon, Freon, and carbon dioxide are also present along with water, dust, pollens and pollutants. Some are better at storing heat while others are better at storing static electric charges. Walking over a floor while wearing wool socks and then reaching for a metal doorknob gives a clear demonstration of the effect of static electricity. The electric arc from the static discharge is sometimes both visible and painful. The earth in motion under the atmosphere generates static electricity. The field generated ionizes the particles of material in the atmosphere. When the field has built up to a sufficient level, the static discharges. The discharges may be from one cloud or air mass to another or from the atmosphere to the ground or from the lower atmosphere to the upper atmosphere. It’s visibly seen as lightning from the Earths surface or as sprites from space. The visible effects are, however, only from the discharge. The charge itself has significant effects on the atmosphere.

The Earth has many irregular shapes on the surface. The most obvious are mountain and lowlands. But even ocean waves create an irregular surface. On top of the irregulars surfaces are plants: everything from grass and flowers to large trees. All of the surfaces move through the atmosphere, pushing the air around and creating static electricity to ionize the atmosphere. At lower altitudes the pushing effect accounts for surface winds but the ionizing effect reaches much higher. The ionized particles are electrically attracted to ground, causing the ionized atmosphere to follow the rotation of the earth better. As the ionized field increases in charge, the volume of air increases proportionally. When the ionized air mass moves collectively, the air mass becomes another irregular surface pushing through uncharged air. The ionization continues to build and the effect reaches altitudes far above the mountains and a much larger volume of the atmosphere tends to follow the rotation of the earth. The atmosphere is electro-statically adhered to the Earth in its rotation. When the static field discharges, the atmospheric bond is broken and the atmosphere begins to lag behind again until the field recharges.

Combined Energies

The electrostatic fields and thermal transfers in the atmosphere work together to compensate for one another. The effects can easily be seen in relation to known technologies with predictable results.

Capacitors are used in many electronic circuits. They charge and discharge to store and release electrical energy much like the atmosphere does. They operate based on a varying input into the device. Air is often used as the dielectric to store the electrical charge. As with all electronic devices, thermal transfers are part of the process. If the input signal to the capacitor stops changing, the device stops releasing thermal energy. The capacitor heats up and eventually fails. The capacitor is constructed so that two plates are put in close proximity to each other and are separated by some form of dielectric material. One of the plates is typically connected to the circuit ground while the other is connected to a varying electric charge. The atmosphere around the Earth acts much the same way. Where the atmosphere meets the earth, the Earth becomes the grounded plate. The upper atmosphere becomes the varying charge plate. The static field generated by the Earths rotation becomes the stored and discharged energy. As you vary the frequency of charge and discharge, you vary the rate of thermal transfer. The effect creates a balance where the total amount of energy stored in the atmosphere remains constant.

As another example, the venturi, more effectively demonstrates the aspect of thermal transfer rates. The easiest way to create a venturi is to connect the small ends of two identical funnels so that it forms a continuous airflow path. As air flows through the device, several changes have to occur. The energy in and energy out are always equal unless you add something else to it. As air flows through the venturi into the intake funnel, the square area reduces however; pressure will remain constant through the entire process. The air moves faster as the area reduces in size and slows down on the output side as the area increases. To compensate for the increased air speed the air temperature reduces as the airspeed increases. The total energy therefore remains constant throughout the device. The venturi principal is handy if you’re trying to build a jet engine as it’s the basis of internal operation and thermal exchange rates have to be manipulated. The thermal exchange rate of the atmosphere can also be manipulated.

Changes in the Electro-Static Charge and Discharge Rates

The increasing human population has created a problem over time and the atmosphere is simply compensating for it. When there were only a few hundred humans building houses to live in, the problems we created were limited. A few hundred people would only need a few hundred acres of cleared land and a few thousand trees to build houses and furnishings. Now that we number over 6 billion, our effect on the planet has increased. Even without increasing basic needs we would still consume over 6 billion acres of land and 60 billion trees just to have a house to live in and basic furnishings in it. But we didn’t stop there; we need creature comforts. Indoor plumbing and electricity, cars, trucks, planes, trains, roads, hospitals, shopping malls, parks and playgrounds, airports, schools and graveyards. We have cities of millions covering millions of acres with concrete and pavement and roads from one city to another. We’ve cleared trillions of acres and cut down trillions of trees. We’ve bulldozed down hills, filled in holes and smoothed out the surface of the planet. We added buildings and a variety of structures but all of them are grounded to prevent electro-static hazards. Then we added lightning suppressors and arresters to many of the structures. In the process we’ve altered the atmosphere’s rate of electro-static charge and discharge. Reducing that change rate, affected the total volume of energy in the atmosphere and as a result the atmosphere stopped releasing as much heat in its thermal exchanges into space. The atmosphere started to warm.

The Earth itself does the same thing at times. The surface of the Earth is constructed from tectonic plates that converge and diverge. Mountains are built when they push together, volcanoes and valleys form when they move apart. Every time there is a major reshaping of the planet, the electro-static charge and discharge rate of the atmosphere is affected.

Predictable Effects

Varying the electro-static charge and discharge rate of the atmosphere has many predictable side effects from natural phenomena. The number and severity of lightning storms would vary with the rate. The time windstorms have to build would increase and decrease. As the rate of charge decreases, air masses are not held in place as well in reference to the Earth’s rotation so ground winds would increase having more available force and time to work with. Hurricanes would become more severe. Increasing the charge rate would decrease the windstorm severity. A decreasing electro-static charge rate would also affect surface temperatures. As the atmosphere releases less thermal energy into space, it absorbs less thermal energy from the surface of the Earth. The ground and water temperatures would increase, global warming. The increasing temperature would cause the chemical mixture of the atmosphere to change. The increasing atmospheric temperature allows the air to hold more water vapor, dust, pollutants and other gasses. Carbon dioxide is a natural product of biological life and would be a major contributor to the change. Working together, the various chemical mixtures act as a better layer of insulation, holding more of the heat in the atmosphere. Increasing the electro-static charge rate would have the opposite effect. As the atmosphere becomes a better thermal conductor, the surface of the Earth would cool down more and the atmosphere would loose its abilities to hold gasses and contaminants. The contaminants and gasses then fall much like rain. Increasing the electro-static charge rate to saturate the atmosphere and the atmosphere couldn’t hold on to enough heat to sustain water as a liquid. The water on the surface would freeze.

Effective Change

The Earth with its atmosphere and surrounding magnetic field is similar in effect to a tuned port resonant cavity used in some RADAR systems. As a whole the interactions of energy are tuned to rate of charge and discharge for electro-static energy within a range of usable frequencies. There would be a quiescent condition or peak-operating rate in similar fashion to any tuner. A model of the electro-static rate changes can be created with existing recorded data and updated over time. Dual Doppler radar systems and satellite monitoring systems are already used to monitor weather patterns of the earth. Ionizers and de-ionizers are commonplace devices. A global system can be constructed with Ionizers and de-ionizers to vary the rate of charge and discharge of electro-static energy in the atmosphere and existing systems can monitor the effective change to meet the parameters of the model, effectively creating a global environmental thermostat.

Understanding The Global Electro-Thermal Circuit

Earth is defined into many layers and they inter-relate to one another. Different layers are viewed with different relationships for many different sciences. The Outer Crust is silicate based but many combinations of silicate chemical formations are found. From the crust toward the center of the Earth, the materials differ in composition and characteristics. The deeper into the earth from the crust, the denser and heavier the expected materials would be. Also due to pressure, the heat follows depth as well. At the boundary where the crust interacts with the upper mantle, silver and germanium would be expected as abundant material. Deeper in still, iron, gold, platinum and uranium would be more plentiful. All of these materials spill out of the earth during volcanic eruptions and migrate back towards the center during earthquakes. The Earth in the process exchanges materials on the surface. The effect mixes the materials together in many chemical combinations.

Even in the surface crust, pressure and heat cause effective chemical changes. Biological material becomes oil, coal and even diamonds. Traveling deeper into the earth, other effects from pressure and heat take place in the increasingly heavier materials.

One predictable circumstance is the molecular alignment of the core to produce a magnetic field. Another product is fission, releasing substantial heat but negatively ionizing the earth. The surface boundary layer of the earth becomes a critical factor in maintaining a balance of energy. Positively charged electrical particles, free protons in space from solar winds, are attracted to the surface. As the internal fission consumes mass in its process, the ionized Earth draws mass from the solar winds. The surface of the Earth being a silicate mix with elements such as germanium and silver being under it create a natural electric circuit. From Diodes to virtually any semiconductor device, we cause the same effects for electronics equipment by design.

The silicate outer shell or crust of the Earth is heavily mixed with other materials. Although most of the materials on the outer shell have silicon in them, other materials are a large part of the mixture. Ascetically, the surface of the earth, with relation to the outer mantle creates the same effect as a transistor. Since energy will always remain balanced, the conductance of electricity in one direction causes thermal energy to conduct in the other. The free protons attracted to the earth surface, conduct into the earth, and release thermal energy away from the earth. The conductance does not happen all by itself in the overall circuit because of the materials constructing the surface. Some form of electrical biasing is needed to turn the transistor on for the process to work. The atmosphere performs that responsibility by producing static electric fields in the biosphere. Air masses moving around, the forces of wind though trees and around ground formations create static fields along the surface of the earth. Its this electro-static charging along the surface of the earth that gives bias to the Earths crust as a transistor and allows the electrical conductance of free protons into the earth to fuel thermal reactions at the core. The ability of the Earth to release thermal energy is dependant of the Earths crust to induce free protons into the earth. The electro-static field charge needed is dependant on the mixture of materials in the Earths crust for the affected area. Another consideration is the moisture level in the static induction area. How well the ground dissipates the static electric change is also a fundamental consideration. Trees are one of the best natural resources for the task.

As moving air meets a tree, some of the air moves around it and some of the air passes through it. As the air separates it creates a static field. Some of the static field collapses into the tree and is passed through the trees roots deep into the ground, biasing the silicon to germanium circuit to transfer positive charges from free protons in the negatively ionized Earth. As a result, thermal energy is passed out of the Earth into the atmosphere. Thunderstorms produce the same effect and expedite moving the thermal energy away from the surface as well. As electrical energy is released from the atmosphere into the ground, thermal energy is transfer from the ground through the atmosphere to above the level of the electrical charge. Both methods of energy transfers happen, creating circuit conductance. In total they allow the thermal energy of the Earths internal fission to move away from the earth. When these methods of thermal conductance fail, the Earth compensates. The tectonic plates move, venting off excess thermal energy into the atmosphere. Earthquakes and volcanoes are byproducts of that release.

The biosphere is also the interface to the upper atmosphere. How high the atmosphere extends is debatable depending on the science involved. The biosphere is no different. Some sciences consider it as beginning from well below the surface on land and deep in the water. There are cellular life forms deep within the ground and life deep in the ocean. At the same time birds fly above the ground for thousand of feet. The ground itself varies in altitude from below sea level to thousands of feet above sea level. For the global electro-thermal circuit, the biosphere would be from several hundred feet underground to the highest level where electrostatic energy is generated from air movements along the ground, at the tops of the mountains or about 8.85 kilometers. The effects of the biosphere reach much higher from air moving in mass.

The biosphere has significant impact on the overall composition of the atmosphere. The effects of biological life are only one aspect. From the beginning of life through decomposition, every organism affects the composition of gasses in the atmosphere. Irregular surfaces from mountains to waves to plants push the atmosphere along as the earth rotates, creating static electricity in the process. Some of the electro-static energy is dissipated into the ground, through plant life or directly, but some is stored in the atmosphere. As the electro-static energy increases, the air begins to move in masses. Once charged, the air masses are more attracted to the Earth and follow it’s rotation better. The air masses then push into other air and create even more static electricity. As one air mass pushes into another, electrostatic energy increases. The planets rotation also adds another dynamic effect. During the daylight hours, the air exposed to solar energy heats up. During the night hours the air looses thermal energy. As the air temperature increases during the daylight hours it expands and pushes towards the poles. Since the atmosphere is unevenly proportioned, the venturi effect works on a global scale. As energy from the sun is absorbed, the atmosphere warms and expands. The thermal absorption and consequential air expansion is greater at the equator than it is at the poles. The expanding air at the equator pushes along the surfaces of the Earth and upper atmospheric boundary. As the air is pushed toward the poles, the cross-section of the airflow area reduces with the altitude of the atmosphere. Since the pressure will remain relatively equal, the air must move faster to equalize the pressure. As the airspeed increases, the air temperature decreases. The cool, fast moving air absorbs heat radiated out from the planet at the Polar Regions. Any heat the air absorbs causes it to move even faster. Also at the Polar Regions, much of the suns energy is reflected away and diffused or shadowed due to rotational warbling. As the air moves away from the poles, it creates many air currents in the atmosphere moving the global air mass in opposition to its natural tendency to follow the Earths rotation.

To examine the process more clearly, the difference between direct light and reflected light distinguishes absorption and reflection of solar energy in the biosphere. A large proportion of the suns emitted energy is in the white light spectrum. That energy is converted to heat at the surface of the Earth. The difference of the two forms of light is relative because all mater emits energy. The primary colors for projected or direct light are red, green and blue where the primary colors for reflected light are red, yellow and blue. As light strikes a surface and is reflected to the human eye we perceive it as a combination of red, yellow and blue. The light from a television or computer monitor is projected and the eye perceives it as a mixture of red, green and blue. It’s the reflected light where absorption is realized. White light has a spectrum or range of frequencies. The frequencies range from about 400 terahertz to about 790 terahertz. The impedance of the atmosphere is very low, typically less than 30 ohms above 1 gigahertz. In other words, air as a medium does not inhibit the light from the sun from reaching the surface of the earth very well. Clouds do inhibit light penetrating to the surface due to moisture and condensation nuclei. With low impedance, not much of the energy from white light is absorbed into the atmosphere. As the light approaches more dense surfaces it interacts with energy emittions from that surface. If light at a frequency of 600 terahertz approaches an object that is also emitting energy at 600 terahertz and both energies are equal, they electrically cancel each other out. The byproduct is heat, absorbed by the impacted surface. Once the surface absorbs the heat to its maximum potential, it both transfers and radiates the heat. The energy levels are rarely equal and rarely totally coincident so it’s more probable that some of the 600-terahertz signal would be reflected back with the frequency changed. Throughout the entire range of frequencies, the same process is happening. The surface is better at absorbing energies of the same frequencies it is emitting than it is at reflecting them back. The reflected light is therefore the sum of the colors of light that the surface is not, along with the frequency variations produced. Some of the byproduct, thermal energy, is emitted into the surrounding atmosphere and some is absorbed further into the material. The surface of the Earth starts radiating the heat produced by sunlight on the surface into the atmosphere. The sun also emits thermal energy, some of which is absorbed by the atmosphere. The atmosphere absorbs thermal energy from the outside first and transfers the heat toward the surface until the rotation of the earth provides shade again. Both the upper and lower levels of the atmosphere start adding thermal energy around sunrise. The thermal energy excites the molecular structure of the atmosphere making the individual molecules more energetic and causing them to expand further apart. The overall processes energize the atmosphere in motion creating a cycle of air movement from the equator to the poles, which in turn causes the polar airflow movements. The interactions of the various airflows add to the electro-static fields at higher altitudes. The biosphere produces and reforms gasses, then aids in mixing the gasses with those at higher altitudes. The effect also produces static at higher altitudes.

Going higher up in altitude still, even higher levels of electro-static charges exist naturally. Solar winds from the sun contain high levels of free protons. The space around the Earth is full of positive electrical charges while the Earth’s process of fission maintains a negative electrical charge by comparison. Although the upper atmosphere is highly charged with electro-static energy, it is still a negative charge in relation to the protons collected by the Van Allen belts. The positive electrical charges are drawn down into the upper atmosphere by these electrical relationships. The electro-static charge of the biosphere would then, draw the positive charge further down toward the earth as it is negatively charged by comparison to the upper atmosphere while maintaining a positive charge in reference to the Earth. The biosphere is the level control for the global electro-thermal circuit. The circuit is varied by the electro-static energies produced and dissipated at the biosphere level and its interaction with the Earths crust. The semi-conductive surface is coupled by capacitance to the positive electrical charges in space through the various levels of the atmosphere.

To understand how electro-static charges in the biosphere affect the charge transitions from the upper atmosphere, consider the summing of charges in any circumstances. A square wave signal transitioning from 0 volts to 10 volts with duration of 250 milliseconds and a frequency of 20 hertz has an average voltage of 5 volts. A second signal transitioning from 0 volts to 20 volts, twice the voltage, with the same duration of 250 milliseconds but with a frequency of 5 hertz has a average voltage of 2.5 volts. The electro-static charge and discharge of the atmosphere more closely resembles a saw tooth waveform but the effect on average power is much the same. With lightning discharges, however, the power levels are considerably higher. The charge has to build up enough to discharge over the difference in altitude from the positive to negative sides. Air as a conductive medium varies based on temperature, pressure, contaminants and humidity level but generally varies between 60 to 500 volts per meter of difference in altitude or angular travel. Due to overall conditions, closer to 80 volts per meter in the summer and closer to 450 volts per meter during the winter months are normal. The effect of the energy in the electro-thermal circuit changes with charge levels and repition rates. A high repition rate of low altitude discharge is better at conducting electrical energy into the earth than a lower repition rate of high altitude discharges because of the effective circuit of the crust.

The Earths crust is a composition of many materials, silicone is abundant but other materials are mixed in. Metals in deposits or mixtures tend to hold or store a magnetic charge when induced with electricity. Crystals are abundant as well, passing some frequencies better than others. Although the crust is conductive in nature, it has resistance based on material composition and moisture content. Overall the crust is capable of holding some of the electrical charge for a short period of time based on the actual composition at any given location. Rapid reoccurrences would tend to maintain a higher bias level in the electric circuit allowing electro-static energy to pass through the crust to the mantle. Rapidly repeating electrical discharges from the biosphere then draw the electro-static energy to the crust to complete the charge transfer without significant damage to the crust or the atmosphere. As the electrical voltage is conducted in, current is conducted out carrying thermal energy with it.

If the biosphere electro-static discharges are interrupted, a higher altitude discharge occurs. As the altitude increases, so does the electrical charge. A discharge over 200 meters during the summer months would have around 16,000 volts charge or 16 kilovolts. A discharge over 2,000 meters would have around 160,000 volts charge or 160 kilovolts. Electro-static charges can reach 6,000,000 volts or more. With a low altitude discharge the current caries the thermal energy to the positive end of the discharge, porting thermal energy away from the earth with some atmospheric loses. High altitude discharges happen at a lower rate of discharge because they require more time to charge. When the discharge occurs, an ionization path follows the lightning leader to the ground. This path forms a thermal conduit as part of current conductance. The thermal transfer rate is so large that it burns the atmospheric conduit away, creating a vacuum in its place. The air comes back together to fill the vacuum, creating a shock wave, thunder, and re-establishes the ionized conduit. The process may be repeated several times creating a strobe effect in the visible lightning bolt. The discharge repetition causes the overall effect of the discharge to act in similar respect to the lower altitude discharges. During the initial discharge, however, much of the energy is transmitted as surface conductance, rather than circuit conductance. Much of the energy is expended before the circuit conductance takes place. The discharge creates electro-chemical changes in the surface materials and produces thermal energy in the process. Less thermal energy is conducted out of the surface. The electrical conductance becomes more efficient as the strobe cycle repeats. The electro-static fields in close proximity to the earth are mostly consumed in the process of the discharge, leaving little available charge to conduct into the Earths crust while the bias charge holds. High altitude discharges are, therefore, more destructive and less efficient for thermal release from the Earth. The higher altitude discharges consume positive charges and allow for charges further out in the atmosphere to draw closer to the earth. Thermal energy is released from the outer atmosphere during the discharge but not during the recharge period. Low altitude electro-static discharges providing better circuit completion and conductance allow thermal energy release from the Earth and the atmosphere more consistently, increasing the rate of release.

Direct biasing of the Earths crust is much preferable over electro-static discharges at any level or altitude but much of the direct Biasing was removed, even more is being removed daily. The most effective ground biasing tools in the biosphere are trees. Above the surface, trees both generate and absorb electro-static energy. Below the surface, tree roots reach toward water sources and dissipate electro-static energy deep into the Earth. Some estimates suggest that the world tree population is about 3.5 trillion trees. Estimating trees removed for harvesting or land clearing at about 1 trillion, means that about 20 percent of the ground biasing through trees is lost. Electro-static energy discharge has replaced that resource to some degree. Electro-static discharges at low altitudes and some discharges at higher altitudes have compensated for the loss but with reduced efficiency. The result is an interruption of the global electro-thermal circuit, and the result of that is global and atmospheric warming. Replanting trees and reducing CO2 emittions is essential to long term rebalancing of the environment but by themselves are not enough. Rebuilding the ground biasing to start reversing the effect is essential for the near future as well.

Electro-static Ionization Towers

The device is relatively simple and requires no power to operate. Each tower could account for the ground bias lost from many trees at once, depending on design parameters. It effectively imitates what the trees do for the global electro-thermal circuit. The construction is simple and straightforward. Start by drilling a well into the aquifer deep enough to use a small pump to produce water flow. The water flow is only needed to moisten the ground downward into the aquifer. Then drill four pedestal points deep into the ground at angles to support a tower. Construct a tower around the four pipes and attach a hollow center post. Connect a drive shaft for the pump through the hollow center post. Stack pinwheel styled air dams onto the outside of the center post one on top of the other. The air dam arms should be covered with a material such as wool or synthetic material with good static producing properties. Each progressive layer should be opposed, causing airflow to spin them in opposite directions. The upper air dam can be attached to the pump drive shaft to operate it. Overall the device completes the dual-purpose function of the tree for electro-static charging. Some of the static charge moves with the air while some of the charge is transferred deep into the ground. The structure only has to be strong enough to withstand wind forces applied and the can be expected to need routine replacement of the cloth material.

Geothermal Power Production

The Earths internal heat can produce steam as well. How far down into the earth to go and what method to use are the questions to answer. Circulating air and capitalizing on the venturi effect seems the most effective method. Rather than pumping water or other liquids requiring extensive support and expense, airflow through a venturi can be used with standard metal pipes and manifolds. The configuration of the pipes operates the same as the intake of a venturi. As the number of pipes is reduced the cross sectional area is reduced. The air pressure tends to remain equal by increasing the airspeed. As the airspeed increases the air temperature drops. Throughout the length of the pipes, the cooled air collects thermal energy as it passes through the pipes. At the next stage of reduction, the process repeats itself. As the air is passing from the intake to the venturi throat it absorbs thermal energy by degrees until the air is input into the pressure vessel. In the pressure vessel the air expands back out and slows down, dropping it’s accumulated heat into the water in the vessel. The resulting steam operates a turbine. The cross sectional area ratio depends on the number of pipes used and can be varied as needed for design purposes based on temperature at the depth used and the volume of steam needed. Using a larger ratio, allows for geothermal power production closer to the surface. Adding a group of ionization towers above geothermal piping would in effect, draw the heat up to the pipes, increasing the overall efficiency. Placement of the ionization towers in reference to pipe positions requires further consideration of the atmospheric electro-static discharges and ground biasing relationships.

Both the Earth and the sun have processes of pressure and temperature combinations with electrical and magnetic fields being present. Both the sun and the Earth rotate and both have known mass. The Earth rotates once a day and the sun rotate once every 25.38 days at the equator. Because the sun is a gasius plazma its rotation varies based on longitude. The Earth’s mass is about 5.98 x 10E24 kilograms and growing. The suns mass is about 332,950 times the mass of the earth and is contracting through loses of mass at about 6.7 billion tons per hour as free protons and electrons are emitted from the suns atmosphere.

The Earth’s revolution around the sun is slightly off the solar equator, varying through the Earths year to above and below the solar equator. Both the sun and the Earth are large rotating magnets, and the fields to some degree interact. The magnetic poles of the earth interact with the magnatic flux of the sun. Each successive collection or line of magnetic flux moves further away from the magnetic center. The field strength of each succesive field becomes weaker as the distance from the magnetic source increases. As the size of the sphere of the magetic field increaces, the total field energy covers a larger field area and each succesive flux collection outward has a different magnatic potiential. In the northern magnetic hemispher of the sun, the flux collections become more south in reference to the next inner flux collection. The same would be true in the southern magnetic hemisphere. As the Earth revolves around the sun it crosses the suns magnetic equator twice anually. The magnetic alignment of the Earth and sun change in reference to the flux lines in the process, causing the the Earth to shift its angle with the magnetic relationship to the suns magnetic flux. Polar alignment of the Earth and sun prevents the Earths orbit from decaying while the flux alignments vary the angle of the earth in relation to the sun as the earth changes position in the polar fields of the sun. The earths orbit is slightly eliptical as a conseqeunce of the path it follows. the Earth moves away from and closer to the sun twice in each revolution as well. The rotation of the Earth is therefore dependant on the rotational field of the sun as well as the field interactions. The rotation of the Earth, with these changing magnetic relationships has a warbling effect. The orbital warbling creates an effect in the electrical transactions between the sun and the Earth. The electrical field transfers are 90 degrees opposed to the magnetic alignment. That is to say, the electrical transactions tend to react to the equators of the Earth and the sun rather than the poles. Therefore the electrical effiency varies throught each revolution as well, based on angular variation. This electromagnetic interface is also acted on by the Earths rotating magnetic field. Electromagnetic interactions occuring outside the atmosphere attract charged particles into the space covering the angles revelant to the angular shift of the earths electrical versus magnetic field variations. These areas, the Van Allen belts, tend to follow the magnetic flux collections of the Earth, grouping into inner and outer belts. They are additionally acted on by the gravities of other celestial bodies as is the Earth itself. The sum emits heat, light and charges particles outward. The particle emittions follow electrical flow and are concentrated at the solar equator, emitting outward toward the planets. As the earth passes back and forth over the solar equator in its revolution, the Van Allen belts collect some of the free particles.

Both the Earth and the sun share another group of properties as celestial bodys. At the centers they have both fission and fusion. Both effects ionize the celestial bodies electrically. The sun emits more free protons and is positive in relation to the more negativly charged earth. In the Van Allen belts, the free particles tend to collect in polarized groups. The outer belt containing negative ionization and the inner belt containing free protons. Although the chemical mixtures are varried, the ionizations electrical polarity places a large volume of free protons and a large positive electrical charge around the Earth. That charge is attracted to the Earths negatively ionized core. In effect, the Earth is gaining mass while the sun is loosing mass. Since the processes of fission and fusion comsume mass in exchange for thermal energy and ionization, the end product is benificial to sustaining the Earths internal fueling.

The atmosphere and the Earths crust become conductors for the electrical charge transfers to the Earth core. In the exchange thermal energy is transfer from the Earth outward toward the thermosphere. As the atmosphere gets denser closer to the surface of the Earth, the electro-thermal exchange becomes more of a coperative operation with the Earths crust. Stages of electro-static discharge move the electrical potiental difference closer to the Earth surface through various levels of changes. With such a charge volume availabe, understanding the electrical processes allows for safter practices. Considering that for a lightning strike over a mile, power transfers are measured in terawatts, some transfering more energy than is released with nuclear detonations, safty is a critical factor.

Lightning propogates through the atmosphere in stages. The electro-static energy stored in various layers of the atmosphere is very much like storing electrical energy in a series of capicators. The more storage layers available, the greater the potiental energy. The higher in altitude the charge starts, the higher the potiental energy.

There are three basic methods of propagating voltages, charge building, charge gating and charge draining, each applying to atmospheric electro-static discharge in a different way. Charge building is the brute force version of lightning. If the atmospheric conditions require 400 volts per meter and the distance is 1000 meters, once the charge builds to 400,000 volts, the arc of lightning occurs. Gating is using an intermediate trigger, another moving air mass or cloud with an intermediate charge. Introduction of the intermediate charge uses the sum of the three charges in wattage rather than relying soley on voltage for conductance. Under most circumstance a combination of force building and gating occurs at many steps along the discharge path and most lightning pushes toward the ground in steps with a visable leader. Temperature inversions and large static forces cause the lightning to follow a wide variety of different paths to discharge. Building and draining controled levels of electro-static energy causes a larger discharge area and prevents local arcing by inducing conductance. Stage gating can also be used to create high conduction areas to increase the effect.

Start by excavating an area far enough down to set up pipes for geothermal energy. Then drill pipes into the aquifer. Physically connect the aquifer pipes to the venturi airflow pipe field, to make an electrical connection. Continue extending the aquifer pipes up to the unexcavated ground level and refill the excavation using silicate sand as an aggragate mixture with the removed soil. Connect the aquifer pipes to each other electrically then countine them up again. Add more soil with the silicate aggragate mixture to create a berm aove the venturi airflow pipe field. Continue raising the aquifer pipes to roughly 1/2 the height of natural trees in the area. Connect the aquifer pipes to form a grid structure and mount ionization towers on top of the grid. Plant trees in a parimeter around the grid including the rising edges of the berm. Direct waterflow from the aquifer pipes away from the berm center into the tree parimeter around the berm.

Locally generated static fields act as bias grids in the atmosphere. The piping gridwork and tree roots bias the surface. The effect is distributed over a large surface area providing a large field of conductance. The combined effects move arcing away from the facility. The effects also raise the static floor to well above the facility in favor of local conductance. The high conductance level draws thermal energy toward the surface for conversion to electrical energy with relative safty and with little negative enviromental impact.

Ionization towers can create a positive effect as a controlling measure during reforestation. Combined with geothermal energy sources, ground-biasing measures can reduce the effects of global warming quickly and reduce the continuing volume of CO2 levels introduced to the atmosphere long term. Monitoring the effects over time would allow some control over the atmosphere by changing the effects of the ionization towers. Removing the cloth covers from the ionization towers would change them to de-ionization towers, providing a finer level of control.

A major consideration of inducing these effects is that the cooling will reduce the overall mass of the atmosphere. As the atmospheric temperature increased it was able to hold more material, increasing in total mass. The water evaporation rate didn’t increase proportionally. Other materials, CO2 freon and pollutants, mold spores and pollens along with dust and accumulated particles were drawn into the atmosphere to add mass, something to hold the greater accumulation of thermal energy. Releasing some the thermal energy will release some of the mass, returning it to the ground level as positively ionized charged particles. Too rapid of a change may exceed the biospheres ability to cope with falling materials based on the chemical compositions.

]]> By: Mark http://www.talkclimatechange.com/2008/03/12/the-view-from-the-fence-best-and-worst-from-both-sides/#comment-756 Mark Thu, 13 Mar 2008 09:40:04 +0000 http://www.talkclimatechange.com/2008/03/12/the-view-from-the-fence-best-and-worst-from-both-sides/#comment-756 If you'd like to vote, we've created some polls in the forum here: <a href="http://discuss.greenoptions.com/viewtopic.php?f=30&t=421" rel="nofollow">Vote for the BEST</a> <a href="http://discuss.greenoptions.com/viewtopic.php?f=30&t=422" rel="nofollow">Vote for the WORST</a> If you’d like to vote, we’ve created some polls in the forum here:

Vote for the BEST

Vote for the WORST

]]> By: Mark http://www.talkclimatechange.com/2008/03/12/the-view-from-the-fence-best-and-worst-from-both-sides/#comment-752 Mark Wed, 12 Mar 2008 21:11:46 +0000 http://www.talkclimatechange.com/2008/03/12/the-view-from-the-fence-best-and-worst-from-both-sides/#comment-752 I would add that the worst in general is the mistrust between believers and deniers which so often reduces important items of debate to irrelevant trivialities. However, much of this has been brought on by bogus claims from various parties which has eroded much credibility. Apart from that I think pretty much all of the worst is the worst! See also: http://www.talkclimatechange.com/2007/12/17/climate-change-who-is-right-and-we-are-wrong/ and http://www.talkclimatechange.com/2007/12/21/climate-extremists-%e2%80%93-please-keep-it-real/ I would add that the worst in general is the mistrust between believers and deniers which so often reduces important items of debate to irrelevant trivialities. However, much of this has been brought on by bogus claims from various parties which has eroded much credibility.

Apart from that I think pretty much all of the worst is the worst!

See also: http://www.talkclimatechange.com/2007/12/17/climate-change-who-is-right-and-we-are-wrong/ and http://www.talkclimatechange.com/2007/12/21/climate-extremists-%e2%80%93-please-keep-it-real/

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